• After brain injury adenosine levels rapidly increase in

  2022-01-28

  

  After brain injury, adenosine levels rapidly increase in the brain [9,10]. As shown in our previous studies, the increased adenosine concentration acts on adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), increasing post-traumatic glutamate levels in the brain and exacerbating the severity of injuries [11,12]. Accor

• ascorbic acid mg Caffeine decreased EAAT and EAAT expression

  2022-01-28

  

  Caffeine decreased EAAT1 and EAAT2 ascorbic acid mg levels in P2 fraction, as well as [3H]d-aspartate uptake; however, as soon as caffeine is removed from incubation, [3H]-d-Aspartate uptake is recovered to control levels, eliminating the possibility of caffeine as a cell death inducer. In resume,

• br Acknowledgements This work was

  2022-01-27

  

  Acknowledgements This work was supported under the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 31200576, 21472197, 21675162), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 7182189), and Project supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Gran

• Previous research has suggested that differences in

  2022-01-27

  

  Previous research has suggested that differences in spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling pathways can confer specificity to cellular responses (Marshall, 1995). Conventional approaches based on gain- or loss-of-function genetic manipulations or small-molecule inhibitors, however, lac

• Focal adhesion kinase FAK also

  2022-01-27

  

  Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), also known as protein tyrosine kinase2 (PTK2), is a tyrosine kinase and vital member in integrin-mediated signaling pathways [3]. In response to integrin involvement, FAK would be phosphorylated. It was reported that FAK is involved in cellular adhesion and spreading [4]

• The Jumonji JmjC domain containing

  2022-01-27

  

  The Jumonji (JmjC) domain-containing KDM family members can be clustered into seven subfamilies (KDM2 – KDM8). The KDM2 cluster catalyzes H3K36me2/me1 demethylation; in addition, KDM2B/JHDM1B/FBXL10 has been suggested to catalyze demethylation of H3K4me3 [3]. Cell culture studies support that KDM2 p

• H R antagonism can prevent seizure development and improve w

  2022-01-27

  

  H3R antagonism can prevent seizure development and improve working memory through the activation of histaminergic neurons (Huang et al., 2004, Zhang et al., 2003). In addition, we have recently found that H3R antagonism protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury via histamine-independent mechanism

• br Discussion br Conflict of interest

  2022-01-27

  

  Discussion Conflict of interest Acknowledgements We thank Rosetta Barkley for expert technical assistance. We thank Robin Maser, James Calvet, Darren Wallace, and Jovanka Koo for many helpful discussions and expert technical advice. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health,

• Glutathione transferases GST have been discovered in

  2022-01-27

  

  Glutathione transferases (GST) have been discovered in many tissues including the cornea of humans and several other mammals (Awasthi et al., 1980, Bilgihan et al., 2003; Gondhowiardjo and van Haeringen, 1993; Saneto et al., 1982, Sastry et al., 1995, Singh et al., 1985, Watkins et al., 1991). To da

• Initial evidence that cell contact mediated transmission of

  2022-01-27

  

  Initial evidence that cell-contact-mediated transmission of HIV-1 is relevant for the generation of latently infected 87 6 was suggested in the context of transmission from dendritic cells to resting CD4+ T cells (Evans et al., 2013, Kumar et al., 2015). As dendritic cells probe for antigens, they

• br STAR Methods br Acknowledgments This work was supported

  2022-01-27

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments This work was supported by the American Diabetes Association (grant 1-12-BS-161 to J.D.P.), an NIH predoctoral T32 in Autoimmunity and Immunopathology grant (AI089443-05 to D.M.P.), the NIH (grant DK099550 to H.M.T.), the American Association for Cancer Research (S

• Post translational ubiquitination has been shown to regulate

  2022-01-27

  

  Post-translational ubiquitination has been shown to regulate a wide range of cellular responses, such as the synaptic trafficking and turnover of neurotransmitter receptors (Rape, 2018). Ubiquitination is also engaged in the modification of protein-protein interaction and intracellular signaling tra

• sr1 Mast cells isolated from mice

  2022-01-27

  

  Mast sr1 isolated from mice and rats are able to take up histamine from the microenvironment (Day and Green, 1962, Cabut and Haegermark, 1966). It has been considered that the uptake of extracellular histamine into bone marrow-derived mast cell granules is mediated by two membrane transporters, vesi

• This study was approved by our institutional ethics committe

  2022-01-26

  

  This study was approved by our institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from each participant or legal guardian. We performed whole-genome SNP genotyping in the one unaffected and two affected siblings by using the Illumina Human 610 Genotyping BeadChip panel, which interrog

• In the course of our

  2022-01-26

  

  In the course of our synthetic studies, we also discovered an unprecedented application of Burgess reagent. Instead of generating an olefin by an intramolecular syn-elimination, the product resulting from the treatment of spirocyclic alcohols 11 and 12 with Burgess reagent led to the expansion of th

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